Biogenesis of nanoparticles using microorganisms: A Review

Bionanoparticles are synthesized using novel strategies through environmentally benign approaches. Emphasis is on synthesizing nanoparticles using green chemistry principles to reduce the burden of pollution on the environment. The biological approach for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is also described as green synthesis (bioprocess) of nanoparticles, is now being looked at as an alternative to physio-chemical approaches and generally uses biological components like plants and microbes (bacteria, fungi, algae and yeast) and cause minimal harm to the nature. The naturally occurring potential biodegradable agents like enzymes (secreted by microbes) act as reducing agents and play a very distinct role in the synthesis of nanoparticles. Most bioprocesses occur under normal air pressure and temperature, resulting in vast energy savings and reducing the use of expensive chemicals making the green approach less costly. This process of synthesis of nanoparticles using biological systems is referred to as nanobiotechnology. Nanobiotechnology has emerged as an integration between biotechnology and nanotechnology for developing biosynthetic and environmentally friendly technology for nanoparticle synthesis. This review is mainly focused on the microbial synthesis of nanoparticles utilizing the extract of bacteria and algae. In the present review, the bio-reduction capacity of various bacteria and algae is highlighted in detail, which has yet to be discussed earlier. This is a comprehensive work underlining the synthesis of nanoparticles, their bio-reduction ability, and application of nanoparticles

An Insight into Application of Land Use Land Cover Analysis towards Sustainable Agriculture within Jhajjar District, Haryana

The increasing population, depletion of natural resources, semi-arid climatic and poor soil health conditions in Jhajjar district of Haryana have drawn major attention towards the changes in Land Use/Land Cover (LULC). The region's increasing population is mainly dependent upon the agrarian economy; thus, sustainable agricultural production is a major thrust area of research. The present study analyses the LULC changes in the area during two decades 2000 – 2020, using remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). Landsat satellite images (Landsat-7 and Landsat-8 satellites) for 2000 and 2020 were analyzed for mixed classification based on unsupervised classification followed by supervised classification. The study area has experienced an increase in agricultural land, surface water bodies and built-up land by 16.89%, 79.73% and 56.41%, respectively. There is a decrease in barren land and fallow land by 48.53% and 36.97%, respectively, as per the five major LULC classes. The LULC analysis indicates an increase in built-up land, which is responsible for controlling agricultural productivity and unsustainable agricultural activities. The study provides a comprehensive understanding of the land use trajectory in a specific region in two decades and associated unsustainable changes in the agrarian economy through pressure on the increase in agricultural production and conversion of land mass into croplands. It also signifies climate-resilient agriculture and the management of sustainable agriculture